Stuart Woods Books

Michelangelo painted ‘The Last Judgment’. The massive painting covers the entire wall behind the alter of the Sistine chapel. It is a painting of Jesus judging the people on earth and sending them to either Heaven or Hell by the saints.

This was a painting that caused much dispute. Michelangelo was accused of intolerable obscenity as well as immorality because most of the figures are naked. Due to the excessiveness of genitalia and the amount human anatomy detail, twenty four years later priest paid another painter to clothed figures such as the Virgin Mary.

The Last Judgment also steered away from traditional depictions of the painting. Michelangelo depicts Christ very muscular and beardless. He is surrounded by light and the picture seems to focus around him instead of a classical heaven and hell. Linear perspective is also noticeable in this painting replacing the traditional horizontal layers. It is said that Michelangelo uses the science of cosmology with the depiction of Christ because he resembles the Greek Sun God, Apollo and is in the center symbolizing the center of the universe.

At the same time music began to become an essential part of daily life during the High Renaissance. The new ideas that were spreading across Europe reformed the way political, economic, and religious views were valued. This led to major changes in the style of composing methods used in music.New musical genres and instruments developed splitting the patronage into groups. The Catholic Church and Protestant churches were sources for music printing not to mention a source of income for composers of this era.

Composers during the middle Ages and Early Renaissance worked with cantus-firmus but it was not really until the Protestant Reformation that important changes began to occur starting with the church. Hymns began to be sung by a group rather than an individual. This brought a monographic vocal into a harmony. This was also a time when psalms of the Bible started to be translated into French and set to music. Read the rest of this entry »

There is only one type of sensitivity at work in the aesthetic emotion. The entire human spirit takes part in the creation of this kind of emotion. There are a priori forms of the sensitive intelligence, so to say and these are in fact the great general laws of aesthetic sensitivity. There is also intelligence in action, the need to know things, to understand, together with the skills of intellectually representing and stylizing things. Imagination has the tendency to complete and go beyond the defined aesthetic feeling. In a way, imagination proclaims the unity of arts, beyond the peculiarities of any of these arts. Baudelaire was perhaps right when saying that in every work of art there is a missing part which is completed by the aesthetic subject’s imagination. Each art actually represents only one aspect and artistic moment. At their very origin, arts get mixed in a sort of synthetic confusion, out of which they get differentiated in order to express themselves in their individuality and specificity.

Nonetheless, the deepest musical contemplation can quite often result in images and also a sort of mind poetry, images that are filled with musicality. Henri Delacroix compares the way of perceiving music and art in general, to the religious contemplation. He thus explains how certain mystics “find shelter” in the Divine shadow and reject everything that is labeled as distinct and ascertained. But there are other mystics also to which ecstasy is translated into visions. The void of the imagination often comes from a critical attitude, from choosing indifference and repression. Other mystics get rid of their visions by plunging into action.

On the other hand, there are mystics who accept and embrace their visions. They find them useful, something that they can learn from in order to develop spiritually. Visions can thus serve to explain the ambiguous, confused states of mind. Thus, they are the expression of ecstasy’s utilitarian sense. At any rate, the analogy of the work of the imagination with the process of a vision-creating into the mind of a mystical person is quite interesting. Delacroix says that the state of ecstasy is first and foremost a state of mind that wants to impose itself onto the human spirit. Regardless of any elements that are stranger to the nature of contemplation itself, visions can be regarded as the expression of ecstasy’s lyrical element. Because visions can satisfy a mystic’s deepest tendencies and spiritual desires, they are cultivated and searched for.

Many people have the tendency to associate music with a certain interpretation, a science, an object. We are meant to search for meanings and intelligibility. In a chaos of impressions, we are looking for a certain map to get oriented. And because it does not pertain to chaos, music can direct us towards certain clear schemes. And instead of remaining immanent to the music, it can rise in front of the human spirit like a sort of symbol. Whether we associated music with visuals or not, one thing is for sure: all arts are interrelated and interconnected. And through the work of the imagination, they can be used together to enhance our aesthetic perception.

Dance has existed from the beginnings of time. Perhaps it even appeared before the very first tribes were formed, but most certainly dance grew in popularity with the development of tribal life. So dance has always been a part of people’s lives, although they did sometimes perform more than the entertainment function. Dances just had to be based on themes such as death, birth, the revival of nature in springtime, marriage, the teenagers’ growing up, hunting, winning a battle or war with one’s neighbors. Dance was also used for worshiping gods, agriculture, sexuality, chasing away evil spirits or for prosperity bringing rituals.

In time, dance lost all of these significances so that today it is only a form of art. It also has a communicative function among the participants. Aristotle explained the origins of rhythm by referring to one’s heart beats, the perfect metronome. Many types of dances appeared throughout time, which had different meanings but one single purpose, that of revealing the most elaborate movements, the moral conduct, the manners and the elegance of the dancer. In the European culture the very first record of dancing belongs to Homer. In his “Iliad”, Homer describes “chorea”(χορεία khoreia). The early ancient Greeks had turned the dance art into a sort of system, encompassing and expressing all the other different passions. For instance, the dance of the so-called “Furies” could generally create a very realistic atmosphere of terror and horrors, so that the audience was deeply moved. Dancing was ranked by the famous Greek philosopher named Aristotle with poetry. He said that certain dancers are able to apply rhythm to their gestures in such a way that they could actually express actions, manners, passions. What is interesting to know here is that the most prominent Greek sculptors closely studied and observed dancers’ attitude and movements in order to find inspiration in their art works.

In the beginning, there wasn’t any big difference between folk and social dances but in time they gained some other aspects. The minuet was from the 17th century on, a dance of elegance because it was practiced at the aristocratic courts. Waltz was quite popular during its age but also quite controversial because of the close distance between the two dance partners. The two World Wars have reshaped the entire dance fashion. So in the 20th century foxtrot and shimmy appeared. From the Swing improvisations of the 40s Jitterbug also appeared. Later on, in the 50s, rock-n-roll also appeared.

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